Robust concurrency options for python exist that are not Docker-based (e.g. Celery). Even basic "fork" calls are cheap on UNIX (and wrapped with the multiproces

Robust concurrency options for python exist that are not Docker-based (e.g. Celery). Even basic "fork" calls are cheap on UNIX (and wrapped with the multiprocessing package for cross-platform use). Package managers like Conda make multi-platform deployment with dependency binaries easier on Python. Frankly Python is still catching up to many improvements that have happened in the 2000s. That said, if you want to avoid using Docker as a packaging kludge for Python, it's possible to do so in many cases.