The effect of modern medicine is actually mostly muted in the data, excluding infant mortality, because of other factors (diet, fitness, environment.) https://

The effect of modern medicine is actually mostly muted in the data, excluding infant mortality, because of other factors (diet, fitness, environment.) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672390/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672390/ Between 1850-1880, life expectancy in England was as long or longer than it is now. This predates antibiotics and nearly all vaccines, let alone what we today think of as advanced medical care.