The issue is that “fairness” has many dimensions. Representation is one of them, but so is racial fairness (e.g. you can’t split districts to deemphasize one ra

The issue is that “fairness” has many dimensions. Representation is one of them, but so is racial fairness (e.g. you can’t split districts to deemphasize one race’s vote) and compactness (you shouldn’t make thin slices geographically to see read the vote.) When you have these two competing values, and some maps do better on one dimension while others are better on the other, how do you properly weigh them? My understanding of the ruling is not that it’s ok to be fair, but that at this point we can’t even balance all the dimensions of fairness to get a single measure.