Unsure about the others but for (2), no. These beacons use low energy Bluetooth so when the app finds a beacon with just Bluetooth (which doesn’t require explic

Unsure about the others but for (2), no. These beacons use low energy Bluetooth so when the app finds a beacon with just Bluetooth (which doesn’t require explicit permission afaik) it can simply report back with that - presumably the owner of the beacon (the store) knows where the beacon is and now they know your approximate location without any phone location services necessary