"Public" in the old school sense like PAIX or MAE-West or some such. "Dead" in the sense that you can't use them to move any meaningful amount of traffic. The

"Public" in the old school sense like PAIX or MAE-West or some such. "Dead" in the sense that you can't use them to move any meaningful amount of traffic. There are still IXPs in the world (i.e. Equinix) where one can move a meaningful amount of traffic and you're perfectly correct in that you'll still need to pay for transit for the tier 1s.