Yeah you'd have to take them one-by-one and see if there is some proxy if you can't measure the behaviour directly. For example, with testing you could use code

Yeah you'd have to take them one-by-one and see if there is some proxy if you can't measure the behaviour directly. For example, with testing you could use code-coverage or even a binary variable for the existence of tests - not perfect, but would give better results than no control at all.