5 ms·

There were various Z80 and MOS 6502 microcomputer Lisp implementations written back in the '80s, some commercially released at the time, some readily accessible

by leoc 7y ago

There were various Z80 and MOS 6502 microcomputer Lisp implementations written back in the '80s, some commercially released at the time, some readily accessible nowadays. https://www.wisdomandwonder.com/link/3787/how-small-can-a-scheme-implementation-be#comment-497 https://www.wisdomandwonder.com/link/3787/how-small-can-a-sc... https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/comp.lang.scheme/Z_2fxEuq4wc https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/comp.lang.scheme/Z_2... (There's one that I'm horribly, horribly overdue to get back to the authors about archiving on the Internet, actually. Anyone who's based in North America and happens to have the hardware and the expertise to recover data from both 5.25" and 8" floppies in some CP/M format?)

DonHopkins 7y ago
The first Apple ][ LISP I ever played with was "MICROLISP", written in APPLESOFT BASIC, included with the Apple Software Bank Volume 3-5, published in 1978 (despite the Internet Archive listing saying it was published in 1974, which would have been impossible since the Apple ][ was launched in 1977). Text APPLESOFT BASIC source code -- It's only 201 lines! Beautiful!: http://apple.rscott.org/tools/view.htm?crc=e7d8e947136190aa&n=6 http://apple.rscott.org/tools/view.htm?crc=e7d8e947136190aa&... 60000 HOME : PRINT "MICROLISP/16-JUN-78": PRINT "COPYRIGHT 1978 APPLE COMPUTER INC" 60010 PRINT "IT WILL TAKE APPROXIMATELY 1.5 MINUTES" 60027 PRINT "TO INITIALIZE THE ARRAYS." I can't find an MP3 of the original cassette tape it was distributed on ;), so you'll have to suffer with the DSK image file: http://apple.rscott.org/tools/dldsk.htm?crc=e7d8e947136190aa http://apple.rscott.org/tools/dldsk.htm?crc=e7d8e947136190aa HN discussion of 6502 Language Implementation Approaches (dwheeler.com): https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18376842 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18376842 https://dwheeler.com/6502/ https://dwheeler.com/6502/ Documentation from Apple Software Bank Volume 3-5: https://archive.org/details/Apple_Software_Bank_Vol_3-5/page/n15 https://archive.org/details/Apple_Software_Bank_Vol_3-5/page... Program Name: MICROLISP Volume Number: 3 Software Bank Number: 00398 Submitted By: 0le Anderson Program Language: APPLESOFT II Minimum Memory Size: 32K Bytes The following discussion assumes the user is already familiar with the principles and technical vocabulary of the LISP language.. The user should consider this document more as reference material on how MICROLISP differs from other versions of LISP, and what features it implements. A good reference for learning LISP is Weissman's LISP 1.5 Primer (see Bibliography). We also can recommend Friedman's The Little LISPer as an enjoyable introduction. MICROLISP is a cassette-based microprocessor implementation of an interpreter for LISP, a programming language useful for symbol processing. The MICROLISP interpreter is written in APPLESOFT II BASIC. More complete documentation will soon be available when Hayden Press publishes a book on Microlisp by Ole Anderson. This book will include an annotated source listing of the interpreter, an explanation of its theory of operation, a detailed reference manual, an application section describing how to do graphics from MICROLISP using BASIC, a short LISP primer for the inexperienced user, and a bibliography of LISP literature useful to the MICROLISP user. Many programming languages (BASIC for example) have been created to deal primarily with numerical data, and programs written in those languages can solve a large range of problems. But there is an equally interesting area of programming that deals with symbolic data. If you want to be "in" with the artificial intelligence crowd, you might consider learning a symbolic manipulation language. Symbolic data might be chess positions, equations (treated as equations, not as expressions to be evaluated), or natural-language sentences. LISP is a language for list processing (hence the name: LISt Processor). Lists are the data items of LISP, just as numbers are the data items in BASIC. Because list elements are symbols not restricted to numbers, LISP makes it possible to solve many types of symbolic manipulation problems as easily as simple numeric problems are solved in BASIC. LISP is used primarily for artificial intelligence applications such as processing natural-language input, performing symbolic differentiation and integration of numerical formulas, and proving mathematical theorems. MICROLISP is a version of LISP that will allow you to learn the elements of LISP by writing and executing LISP programs. BASIC goes a long way toward making the power of the personal computer available to the average person, but it lacks several critical features found in many other high-level languages: naming of subroutines and calling them with parameters, use of variable names with more than the first two characters significant, recursive subroutines and dynamic allocation of variables. These features are all found in MICROLISP. Implementing MICROLISP in BASIC means that LISP programs do not execute very rapidly. However, it makes it possible to see how the language has been implemented. On the other hand, APPLESOFT II supports real (floating point) arithmetic, string functions and trigonometric functions, and these are all available to the MICROLISP user (often they are not available in larger versions). Another convenient feature in APPLESOFT II is the ability to PEEK and POKE memory locations, and to CALL machine-language routines from BASIC. This is often useful for interfacing special hardware and for applications where speed is critical. Another reason MICROLISP was written in BASIC is for tutorial purposes. Many personal computer users desire to learn about the techniques involved in implementing high-level computer languages. This program is an example of a complete language processor which accepts characters typed from the keyboard, builds symbols from them, and processes these symbols according to the syntax of the LISP language. Thus, it uses many of the important algorithms employed by all other interpreters, compilers and language processors. MICROLISP can also be used as an educational tool for introducing elementary list-processing concepts.
- DonHopkins 7y ago
  Also from David A. Wheeler's 6502 Language Implementation Approaches (archive.org-ified to the time the links were written, or best approximation): https://web.archive.org/web/20181112182918/https://dwheeler.com/6502/ https://web.archive.org/web/20181112182918/https://dwheeler.... Lisp/LOGO The "skimp" page also includes a list of several 8-bit LISP implementations, including several for the 6502 [1]. This discussion lists more [2]. One useful implementation discussion (of many!) is R. Kent Dybvig's "Three Implementation Models for Scheme". University of North Carolina Computer Science Technical Report 87-011 [Ph.D. Dissertation], April 1987 [3]. neslisp [4] is a small subset of Lisp that generates 6502 code (NES); the as of version 0.1 it is released under the GPLv2 license (and thus is open source software). An older version is available via neslisp on Google code [5]. Picobit [6] (GPLv3) looks interesting. You program in Lisp (specifically a variant of Scheme) on a larger system; it then compiles to a VM that runs on the target. Currently it does not support the 6502, but the system is designed to be portable and it looks to me that it'd be relatively easy to port to a 6502. Lysp [7] (MIT license) is another small implementation of Lisp. It doesn't directly support 6502 and is in C, but it's small... so it might not be hard to transliterate. A related program from the same developer is Maru [8], which can self-host. This could be a reasonable starting point for creating a 6502 Lisp. Turning the Apple //e into a lisp machine, part 1 [9] refers to this Lisp interpreter for the Apple //e [10] (MIT license). They also show a clever bootstrap approach: they send code via the audio jack (!). There's more that can be done; Lisp was originally developed in 1965, on even smaller systems. The book "Lisp in Small Pieces", Program Transformation in Lisp [11], this Scheme page [12] and these details on implementation [13] are all of interest. R. Kent Dybvig's "Three Implementation Models for Scheme" [14] shows how to implement Scheme while still keeping most stuff on the stack. Tagging could be difficult, but an alternative (that I believe was done for early Lisp implementations) is to partition the memory into regions; to determine the tag, just check which memory region it is in. It might be possible to start with PicoLisp [15] to create a 6502 version. There is a trivial ACL2 implementation of Lisp (GPL) [16] that I converted into Common Lisp ( compiler [17], run-time [18]; See Wolfgang Goerigk's "Compiler Verification Revisited" [19] for more). I know that there was an "InterLISP 65" available for Atari's 6502-based line. Various full LOGO implementations were available as well. [1] skimp: http://web.archive.org/web/20100131151915/http://www.ip9.org/munro/skimp/ http://web.archive.org/web/20100131151915/http://www.ip9.org... [2] discussion: [missing] [3] Three Implementation Models for Scheme: https://web.archive.org/web/20160817185323/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~dyb/pubs/3imp-abstract.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160817185323/http://www.cs.ind... [4] neslisp: https://web.archive.org/web/20160319025751/http://gomez.yellowcouch.org/lisp/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160319025751/http://gomez.yell... sources: https://web.archive.org/web/20160619185108/http://gomez.yellowcouch.org/lisp/src/neslisp-0.1.tar.gz https://web.archive.org/web/20160619185108/http://gomez.yell... [5] google code nelisp: [missing] [6] Picobit: https://web.archive.org/web/20150106110223/https://github.com/stamourv/picobit https://web.archive.org/web/20150106110223/https://github.co... current: https://github.com/stamourv/picobit https://github.com/stamourv/picobit [7] Lysp: https://web.archive.org/web/20180929064442/http://piumarta.com/software/lysp/ https://web.archive.org/web/20180929064442/http://piumarta.c... source: browse: https://web.archive.org/web/20170507045957/http://www.piumarta.com/software/lysp/lysp-1.1/ https://web.archive.org/web/20170507045957/http://www.piumar... download: https://web.archive.org/web/20180929064442/http://piumarta.com/software/lysp/lysp-1.1.tar.gz https://web.archive.org/web/20180929064442/http://piumarta.c... [8] Maru: https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.com/software/maru/ https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.c... source: browse: https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.com/software/maru/maru-2.4/ https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.c... download: https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.com/software/maru/maru-2.4.tar.gz https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.c... [9] Turning the Apple //e into a lisp machine, part 1: https://web.archive.org/web/20190109003417/http://blog.nullspace.io/apple-2-lisp-part-1.html https://web.archive.org/web/20190109003417/http://blog.nulls... [10] google code turtles: https://web.archive.org/web/20180611002847/https://github.com/hausdorff/turtles https://web.archive.org/web/20180611002847/https://github.co... current: https://github.com/hausdorff/turtles https://github.com/hausdorff/turtles [11] Program Transformation in Lisp: http://www.findinglisp.com/blog/2004/06/program-transformation-in-lisp.html http://www.findinglisp.com/blog/2004/06/program-transformati... [12] this Scheme page: [missing] [13] these details on implementation: https://web.archive.org/web/20180801195133/http://library.readscheme.org/page8.html https://web.archive.org/web/20180801195133/http://library.re... [14] Three Implementation Models for Scheme: https://web.archive.org/web/20190503102138/https://cs.indiana.edu/~dyb/papers/3imp.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20190503102138/https://cs.indian... [15] PicoLisp: https://web.archive.org/web/20181124064229/http://www.software-lab.de/down.html https://web.archive.org/web/20181124064229/http://www.softwa... [16] ACL2 implementation of Lisp (GPL): https://web.archive.org/web/20090217043459/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/moore/acl2/v3-1/distrib/acl2-sources/books/workshops/1999/compiler/ https://web.archive.org/web/20090217043459/http://www.cs.ute... [17] compiler: https://web.archive.org/web/20160320015734/http://www.dwheeler.com/trusting-trust/lisp-demo/mycompiler.cl https://web.archive.org/web/20160320015734/http://www.dwheel... [18] runtime: [missing] [19] Compiler Verification Revisited: [missing] citation: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=369101 https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=369101 buy chapter: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3188-0_15 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3188-0_...

by leoc 7y ago

DonHopkins 7y ago

The first Apple ][ LISP I ever played with was "MICROLISP", written in APPLESOFT BASIC, included with the Apple Software Bank Volume 3-5, published in 1978 (despite the Internet Archive listing saying it was published in 1974, which would have been impossible since the Apple ][ was launched in 1977). Text APPLESOFT BASIC source code -- It's only 201 lines! Beautiful!: http://apple.rscott.org/tools/view.htm?crc=e7d8e947136190aa&n=6 http://apple.rscott.org/tools/view.htm?crc=e7d8e947136190aa&... 60000 HOME : PRINT "MICROLISP/16-JUN-78": PRINT "COPYRIGHT 1978 APPLE COMPUTER INC" 60010 PRINT "IT WILL TAKE APPROXIMATELY 1.5 MINUTES" 60027 PRINT "TO INITIALIZE THE ARRAYS." I can't find an MP3 of the original cassette tape it was distributed on ;), so you'll have to suffer with the DSK image file: http://apple.rscott.org/tools/dldsk.htm?crc=e7d8e947136190aa http://apple.rscott.org/tools/dldsk.htm?crc=e7d8e947136190aa HN discussion of 6502 Language Implementation Approaches (dwheeler.com): https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18376842 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18376842 https://dwheeler.com/6502/ https://dwheeler.com/6502/ Documentation from Apple Software Bank Volume 3-5: https://archive.org/details/Apple_Software_Bank_Vol_3-5/page/n15 https://archive.org/details/Apple_Software_Bank_Vol_3-5/page... Program Name: MICROLISP Volume Number: 3 Software Bank Number: 00398 Submitted By: 0le Anderson Program Language: APPLESOFT II Minimum Memory Size: 32K Bytes The following discussion assumes the user is already familiar with the principles and technical vocabulary of the LISP language.. The user should consider this document more as reference material on how MICROLISP differs from other versions of LISP, and what features it implements. A good reference for learning LISP is Weissman's LISP 1.5 Primer (see Bibliography). We also can recommend Friedman's The Little LISPer as an enjoyable introduction. MICROLISP is a cassette-based microprocessor implementation of an interpreter for LISP, a programming language useful for symbol processing. The MICROLISP interpreter is written in APPLESOFT II BASIC. More complete documentation will soon be available when Hayden Press publishes a book on Microlisp by Ole Anderson. This book will include an annotated source listing of the interpreter, an explanation of its theory of operation, a detailed reference manual, an application section describing how to do graphics from MICROLISP using BASIC, a short LISP primer for the inexperienced user, and a bibliography of LISP literature useful to the MICROLISP user. Many programming languages (BASIC for example) have been created to deal primarily with numerical data, and programs written in those languages can solve a large range of problems. But there is an equally interesting area of programming that deals with symbolic data. If you want to be "in" with the artificial intelligence crowd, you might consider learning a symbolic manipulation language. Symbolic data might be chess positions, equations (treated as equations, not as expressions to be evaluated), or natural-language sentences. LISP is a language for list processing (hence the name: LISt Processor). Lists are the data items of LISP, just as numbers are the data items in BASIC. Because list elements are symbols not restricted to numbers, LISP makes it possible to solve many types of symbolic manipulation problems as easily as simple numeric problems are solved in BASIC. LISP is used primarily for artificial intelligence applications such as processing natural-language input, performing symbolic differentiation and integration of numerical formulas, and proving mathematical theorems. MICROLISP is a version of LISP that will allow you to learn the elements of LISP by writing and executing LISP programs. BASIC goes a long way toward making the power of the personal computer available to the average person, but it lacks several critical features found in many other high-level languages: naming of subroutines and calling them with parameters, use of variable names with more than the first two characters significant, recursive subroutines and dynamic allocation of variables. These features are all found in MICROLISP. Implementing MICROLISP in BASIC means that LISP programs do not execute very rapidly. However, it makes it possible to see how the language has been implemented. On the other hand, APPLESOFT II supports real (floating point) arithmetic, string functions and trigonometric functions, and these are all available to the MICROLISP user (often they are not available in larger versions). Another convenient feature in APPLESOFT II is the ability to PEEK and POKE memory locations, and to CALL machine-language routines from BASIC. This is often useful for interfacing special hardware and for applications where speed is critical. Another reason MICROLISP was written in BASIC is for tutorial purposes. Many personal computer users desire to learn about the techniques involved in implementing high-level computer languages. This program is an example of a complete language processor which accepts characters typed from the keyboard, builds symbols from them, and processes these symbols according to the syntax of the LISP language. Thus, it uses many of the important algorithms employed by all other interpreters, compilers and language processors. MICROLISP can also be used as an educational tool for introducing elementary list-processing concepts.

DonHopkins 7y ago
Also from David A. Wheeler's 6502 Language Implementation Approaches (archive.org-ified to the time the links were written, or best approximation): https://web.archive.org/web/20181112182918/https://dwheeler.com/6502/ https://web.archive.org/web/20181112182918/https://dwheeler.... Lisp/LOGO The "skimp" page also includes a list of several 8-bit LISP implementations, including several for the 6502 [1]. This discussion lists more [2]. One useful implementation discussion (of many!) is R. Kent Dybvig's "Three Implementation Models for Scheme". University of North Carolina Computer Science Technical Report 87-011 [Ph.D. Dissertation], April 1987 [3]. neslisp [4] is a small subset of Lisp that generates 6502 code (NES); the as of version 0.1 it is released under the GPLv2 license (and thus is open source software). An older version is available via neslisp on Google code [5]. Picobit [6] (GPLv3) looks interesting. You program in Lisp (specifically a variant of Scheme) on a larger system; it then compiles to a VM that runs on the target. Currently it does not support the 6502, but the system is designed to be portable and it looks to me that it'd be relatively easy to port to a 6502. Lysp [7] (MIT license) is another small implementation of Lisp. It doesn't directly support 6502 and is in C, but it's small... so it might not be hard to transliterate. A related program from the same developer is Maru [8], which can self-host. This could be a reasonable starting point for creating a 6502 Lisp. Turning the Apple //e into a lisp machine, part 1 [9] refers to this Lisp interpreter for the Apple //e [10] (MIT license). They also show a clever bootstrap approach: they send code via the audio jack (!). There's more that can be done; Lisp was originally developed in 1965, on even smaller systems. The book "Lisp in Small Pieces", Program Transformation in Lisp [11], this Scheme page [12] and these details on implementation [13] are all of interest. R. Kent Dybvig's "Three Implementation Models for Scheme" [14] shows how to implement Scheme while still keeping most stuff on the stack. Tagging could be difficult, but an alternative (that I believe was done for early Lisp implementations) is to partition the memory into regions; to determine the tag, just check which memory region it is in. It might be possible to start with PicoLisp [15] to create a 6502 version. There is a trivial ACL2 implementation of Lisp (GPL) [16] that I converted into Common Lisp ( compiler [17], run-time [18]; See Wolfgang Goerigk's "Compiler Verification Revisited" [19] for more). I know that there was an "InterLISP 65" available for Atari's 6502-based line. Various full LOGO implementations were available as well. [1] skimp: http://web.archive.org/web/20100131151915/http://www.ip9.org/munro/skimp/ http://web.archive.org/web/20100131151915/http://www.ip9.org... [2] discussion: [missing] [3] Three Implementation Models for Scheme: https://web.archive.org/web/20160817185323/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~dyb/pubs/3imp-abstract.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160817185323/http://www.cs.ind... [4] neslisp: https://web.archive.org/web/20160319025751/http://gomez.yellowcouch.org/lisp/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160319025751/http://gomez.yell... sources: https://web.archive.org/web/20160619185108/http://gomez.yellowcouch.org/lisp/src/neslisp-0.1.tar.gz https://web.archive.org/web/20160619185108/http://gomez.yell... [5] google code nelisp: [missing] [6] Picobit: https://web.archive.org/web/20150106110223/https://github.com/stamourv/picobit https://web.archive.org/web/20150106110223/https://github.co... current: https://github.com/stamourv/picobit https://github.com/stamourv/picobit [7] Lysp: https://web.archive.org/web/20180929064442/http://piumarta.com/software/lysp/ https://web.archive.org/web/20180929064442/http://piumarta.c... source: browse: https://web.archive.org/web/20170507045957/http://www.piumarta.com/software/lysp/lysp-1.1/ https://web.archive.org/web/20170507045957/http://www.piumar... download: https://web.archive.org/web/20180929064442/http://piumarta.com/software/lysp/lysp-1.1.tar.gz https://web.archive.org/web/20180929064442/http://piumarta.c... [8] Maru: https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.com/software/maru/ https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.c... source: browse: https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.com/software/maru/maru-2.4/ https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.c... download: https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.com/software/maru/maru-2.4.tar.gz https://web.archive.org/web/20181206222700/http://piumarta.c... [9] Turning the Apple //e into a lisp machine, part 1: https://web.archive.org/web/20190109003417/http://blog.nullspace.io/apple-2-lisp-part-1.html https://web.archive.org/web/20190109003417/http://blog.nulls... [10] google code turtles: https://web.archive.org/web/20180611002847/https://github.com/hausdorff/turtles https://web.archive.org/web/20180611002847/https://github.co... current: https://github.com/hausdorff/turtles https://github.com/hausdorff/turtles [11] Program Transformation in Lisp: http://www.findinglisp.com/blog/2004/06/program-transformation-in-lisp.html http://www.findinglisp.com/blog/2004/06/program-transformati... [12] this Scheme page: [missing] [13] these details on implementation: https://web.archive.org/web/20180801195133/http://library.readscheme.org/page8.html https://web.archive.org/web/20180801195133/http://library.re... [14] Three Implementation Models for Scheme: https://web.archive.org/web/20190503102138/https://cs.indiana.edu/~dyb/papers/3imp.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20190503102138/https://cs.indian... [15] PicoLisp: https://web.archive.org/web/20181124064229/http://www.software-lab.de/down.html https://web.archive.org/web/20181124064229/http://www.softwa... [16] ACL2 implementation of Lisp (GPL): https://web.archive.org/web/20090217043459/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/moore/acl2/v3-1/distrib/acl2-sources/books/workshops/1999/compiler/ https://web.archive.org/web/20090217043459/http://www.cs.ute... [17] compiler: https://web.archive.org/web/20160320015734/http://www.dwheeler.com/trusting-trust/lisp-demo/mycompiler.cl https://web.archive.org/web/20160320015734/http://www.dwheel... [18] runtime: [missing] [19] Compiler Verification Revisited: [missing] citation: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=369101 https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=369101 buy chapter: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3188-0_15 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3188-0_...