Put it this way: my doctor ordered a test for me, got the results, and made a recommendation. I was ignorant of both the costs (of all sorts) beforehand and of

Put it this way: my doctor ordered a test for me, got the results, and made a recommendation. I was ignorant of both the costs (of all sorts) beforehand and of the product of probability and utility on which he (implicitly and unavoidably unless irrationally) based the decision. He did make a meaningful inference from this data, as anyone must to make a decision; he just refused to help me, as a consultant instead of a master, to make my own.