> Companies don't want to connect a hundred batteries of dubious quality I'm not suggesting companies are going to start making grid storage out of random cell

> Companies don't want to connect a hundred batteries of dubious quality I'm not suggesting companies are going to start making grid storage out of random cells. I'm suggesting that they will take EV batteries with precisely known origins and integrate them into grid storage because it will be so cost effective. When the supply of old battery packs becomes a seriously meaningful number (in 5—15 years) this will be a big issue. > Recycling works so well Does it? I have read varying reports on the cost effectiveness of recycling these batteries. Remember, they've only lost N% of their inherent value. I doubt it is economically feasible to recycle and re-manufacture lithium batteries to merely double their capacity. Remember, only a fraction of the battery material will be recyclable and if that fraction is less than N% then you've failed economically before you've spent the first dollar.