You don't even have to look at recent languages... probably the best example of (a) is SQL. SQL arrived a couple of years after Prolog in the 70's, but over th

You don't even have to look at recent languages... probably the best example of (a) is SQL. SQL arrived a couple of years after Prolog in the 70's, but over the decades SQL has absolutely dominated. Unfortunately for Prolog, SQL provides much of the same functionality while also having the advantage of being a more natural fit for business applications which drove adoption. (and quite likely directly hurt Prolog's prospects)