> As soon as it was possible for other languages to run on the JVM, the huge amount of developers working around JVM [...] started looking at alternatives This

> As soon as it was possible for other languages to run on the JVM, the huge amount of developers working around JVM [...] started looking at alternatives This is true, but... > Groovy, Scala and Clojure were the early contenders that people were exploring ... Jython and BeanShell were much earlier than those three. Jython, JRuby, Rhino, and Clojure are JVM languages that are syntactic copies of existing non-JVM languages, and it seems JVM developers didn't want these. Clojure has won within that group. But the other group is what developers really wanted, i.e. languages with a Java-like syntax but with extra features added. Beanshell came first with dynamic typing. Then Apache Groovy cloned Beanshell and added closures, and Beanshell never kept up. Scala had all that but also had inferred static typing, which Groovy later added but was too late to the game to have much impact. Kotlin then came and merged the best features of Scala and Groovy, and became successful on Android.