Is this an achievement of the locals or an achievement of Orange, Vodafone, MTN and Maroc Telecom, eg mostly non-african mega-corps vampirizing the market? Mobi

Is this an achievement of the locals or an achievement of Orange, Vodafone, MTN and Maroc Telecom, eg mostly non-african mega-corps vampirizing the market? Mobile networks are notoriously much more monopolistic and efficient at keeping out small actors and regulations than cabled telcos. And: mobile devices themselves also are much more blackbox-like than laptops and desktop boxes. No wonder OP laments about people not understanding "what's going on inside the tech" if the only thing they get exposed to is something based on vendor lock-in, with no file browser or text editor. (note that the same phenomenon is currently going on here in the west)