Let's say I have an interesting problem, like classifying cancer from images. What are some classes of symbolic systems that can reason about types of cancer th

Let's say I have an interesting problem, like classifying cancer from images. What are some classes of symbolic systems that can reason about types of cancer the system wasn't trained on? Even humans don't know what to do until they've seen it. And then, the grown up answer is "variance is infinite when N=1"