The NY Times published an article[1] in 2015 that asked a few public health experts to estimate the loss of life in the US due to the fraud. An MIT study claim

The NY Times published an article[1] in 2015 that asked a few public health experts to estimate the loss of life in the US due to the fraud. An MIT study claims over 1,200 premature deaths in Europe due to the fraud. [2][3] [1] https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/29/upshot/how-many-deaths-did-volkswagens-deception-cause-in-us.html https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/29/upshot/how-many-deaths-di... [2] https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/06/science/volkswagen-emissions-scandal-air-pollution-deaths.html https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/06/science/volkswagen-emissi... [3] https://news.mit.edu/2017/volkswagen-emissions-premature-deaths-europe-0303 https://news.mit.edu/2017/volkswagen-emissions-premature-dea...