As a driver, a cyclist, and a pedestrian I thought about it a lot. I think it boils down to an interdependent combination of culture, infrastructure, and rules

As a driver, a cyclist, and a pedestrian I thought about it a lot. I think it boils down to an interdependent combination of culture, infrastructure, and rules of the road and their enforcement. First, it really helps if cycling infrastructure is separated from car and pedestrian infrastructure as much as possible. The more separation, the better. In Ottawa, for example, there are several dedicated cross-city bike trails, but not too many in Toronto, they are far and wide between, and it shows. It is not always possible and in that case I would give bicyclists preferential treatment on dedicated side streets. The bike trails should be immediately visible to anyone, e.g. painted green for the full length. This makes it immediately visible for everyone: turning cars, passengers exiting the vehicle, pedestrians who decided to jaywalk and scanned the space for cars, but not bikes. The road rules should be clear, strict and unambiguous for bikes. I understand that stopping at the STOP sign is inconvenient on a bike (losing momentum and balance, braking and pedaling up is hard), but cyclists should ignore stop sign if and only if there is no one else on the intersection. If there are cars, pedestrians, or other bikes crossing it, cyclists _must_ resort to the stop rule. I do not know how many times I have seen cyclists thinking this does not apply to them.