> Halfway between the first and second midterm, participants were asked, ‘‘Do you think your procrastinating affected how well you did on this exam?” on a three

> Halfway between the first and second midterm, participants were asked, ‘‘Do you think your procrastinating affected how well you did on this exam?” on a three-point scale, where 0 = not at all and 3 = definitely. Interestingly, although procrastination is a self-regulatory failure and thus, by definition, is a transgression against the self, 14 participants did not believe this to be so, answering ‘‘not at all” on this item. Consequently, we eliminated these participants leaving a final sample of 119 participants (70 female, 49 male) whose age ranged from 17 to 56 years (M = 20.50, SD = 5.17). How is this elimination justified? This seems entirely unsound.