Keep in mind that it’s primarily the publishers that are hurt by this. Advertisers typically determine what they’re willing to spend on inventory based on the R

Keep in mind that it’s primarily the publishers that are hurt by this. Advertisers typically determine what they’re willing to spend on inventory based on the ROI, which is decreased by ad fraud. As such, the inventory of “genuine” publishers is devalued as well. Note that in this sense, a publisher can be both a powerhouse like FB or Google, or also smaller outlets.