The article starts out with saying that drug development begins with studies on male rats and mice, but then goes on to describe difference the biological pathw

The article starts out with saying that drug development begins with studies on male rats and mice, but then goes on to describe difference the biological pathways for pain in men and women. That creates some obvious question. How similar is the pain pathways between humans and rats, and is it more similar than between women and men? There should basically be 6 sources of differences. Animal M vs Human M, Animal F vs human F, Animal M vs Human F, Animal F vs Human M, Animal F vs Animal M, and last Human M vs Human F. A difference in any of those could potential cause a wrong conclusion in a study. The question I hope researcher has is which of those are more likely to have a significant difference in pain research