This is a nice article but doesn't discuss the most widely used and impactful application of "personalized medicine" thus far: selecting patients for inclusion

This is a nice article but doesn't discuss the most widely used and impactful application of "personalized medicine" thus far: selecting patients for inclusion in clinical trials based on their genetics. When you talk to people in the biotech and pharma world this is often what they mean by personalized medicine, although outside of biotech and pharma this definition is not what you think of when you hear "personalized medicine" Studying homogeneous, genetically / biomarker-defined patient populations, rather than more heterogenous populations, meaningfully increases the success rates of clinical trials [0]. This is important because clinical trial failure, mostly Phase 2 and 3, is the biggest driver of the cost of drug development [1] Interestingly, clinical trials are not more likely to succeed when the drug is developed to act on a particular genetic pathway -- ie, if you find a particular mutation related to disease, then develop a drug for that, you dont necessarily have a higher rate of clinical success. But defining your study population based on biomarkers does increase probability of success (can't find source offhand) [0] https://academic.oup.com/biostatistics/article/20/2/273/4817524 https://academic.oup.com/biostatistics/article/20/2/273/4817... [1] https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd3078 https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd3078