10 ms·

"Surrogate pairs" use two code units (32 bits total) to increase the number of code points that can be represented. It seems a lot more complicated than UTF-8.

by theoh 8y ago

"Surrogate pairs" use two code units (32 bits total) to increase the number of code points that can be represented. It seems a lot more complicated than UTF-8. I have no idea how many code points can actually be represented in theory. There are under 21 bits' worth of Unicode codepoints, though, so I'm sure the claim that UTF-16 can represent all of them isn't some kind of trick.

eridius 8y ago
A surrogate pair can represent 20 bits, or 2^20 values. A single UTF-16 byte is of course 16 bits, or 2^16 values. 2^20 + 2^16 == 0x110000, which is precisely as many unicode code points as there are (0–0x10FFFF). Decoding UTF-16 (with surrogate pairs) is pretty similar to decoding UTF-8 except the state machine is simpler (as it's just 1–2 code units per codepoint, instead of 1–3). It also means that if you validate that you have a high surrogate and a low surrogate, the combination is guaranteed to be a valid codepoint (whereas with UTF-8 there are invalid encodings, e.g. any 1-byte codepoint can actually be encoded using 2 or 3 bytes instead, which the state machine must reject).
- theoh 8y ago
  One of us should try to make this clearer on the relevant Wikipedia page.
- eridius 8y ago
  Errata: I stated UTF-8 decoding was 1–3 bytes per codepoint. It's 1–4.
- theoh 8y ago
  Wait a minute. "A surrogate pair can represent 20 bits, or 2^20 values. A single UTF-16 byte is of course 16 bits, or 2^16 values. 2^20 + 2^16 == 0x110000, which is precisely as many unicode code points as there are (0–0x10FFFF)." This explanation can't be quite right, because the possible surrogate code unit values are carved out of the set of 2^16 code units. So you are double counting those surrogate code units. From Wikipedia: "Since the ranges for the high surrogates (0xD800–0xDBFF), low surrogates (0xDC00–0xDFFF), and valid BMP characters (0x0000–0xD7FF, 0xE000–0xFFFF) are disjoint, it is not possible for a surrogate to match a BMP character, or for two adjacent code units to look like a legal surrogate pair."
  - theoh 8y ago
    OK, I've found the gross reason why the 2^16 + 2^20 arithmetic works: "The Unicode standard permanently reserves these code point values for UTF-16 encoding of the high and low surrogates, and they will never be assigned a character, so there should be no reason to encode them. The official Unicode standard says that no UTF forms, including UTF-16, can encode these code points." Ugh.
jcranmer 8y ago
UTF-16 encodes a wider character with two surrogate pairs, each pair holding 10 bits of the codepoint. That's why Unicode has 17 planes each containing 65,536 characters, which would otherwise seem odd to have a non-power of two number of Unicode codepoints.

by theoh 8y ago

eridius 8y ago

A surrogate pair can represent 20 bits, or 2^20 values. A single UTF-16 byte is of course 16 bits, or 2^16 values. 2^20 + 2^16 == 0x110000, which is precisely as many unicode code points as there are (0–0x10FFFF). Decoding UTF-16 (with surrogate pairs) is pretty similar to decoding UTF-8 except the state machine is simpler (as it's just 1–2 code units per codepoint, instead of 1–3). It also means that if you validate that you have a high surrogate and a low surrogate, the combination is guaranteed to be a valid codepoint (whereas with UTF-8 there are invalid encodings, e.g. any 1-byte codepoint can actually be encoded using 2 or 3 bytes instead, which the state machine must reject).

theoh 8y ago
One of us should try to make this clearer on the relevant Wikipedia page.
eridius 8y ago
Errata: I stated UTF-8 decoding was 1–3 bytes per codepoint. It's 1–4.
theoh 8y ago
Wait a minute. "A surrogate pair can represent 20 bits, or 2^20 values. A single UTF-16 byte is of course 16 bits, or 2^16 values. 2^20 + 2^16 == 0x110000, which is precisely as many unicode code points as there are (0–0x10FFFF)." This explanation can't be quite right, because the possible surrogate code unit values are carved out of the set of 2^16 code units. So you are double counting those surrogate code units. From Wikipedia: "Since the ranges for the high surrogates (0xD800–0xDBFF), low surrogates (0xDC00–0xDFFF), and valid BMP characters (0x0000–0xD7FF, 0xE000–0xFFFF) are disjoint, it is not possible for a surrogate to match a BMP character, or for two adjacent code units to look like a legal surrogate pair."
- theoh 8y ago
  OK, I've found the gross reason why the 2^16 + 2^20 arithmetic works: "The Unicode standard permanently reserves these code point values for UTF-16 encoding of the high and low surrogates, and they will never be assigned a character, so there should be no reason to encode them. The official Unicode standard says that no UTF forms, including UTF-16, can encode these code points." Ugh.

jcranmer 8y ago

UTF-16 encodes a wider character with two surrogate pairs, each pair holding 10 bits of the codepoint. That's why Unicode has 17 planes each containing 65,536 characters, which would otherwise seem odd to have a non-power of two number of Unicode codepoints.