Organoids, organ-on-chip, 3D cell cultures, have all shown to be equivalent to each other, and better than standard 2D cell culture. Ultimately they are not ver

Organoids, organ-on-chip, 3D cell cultures, have all shown to be equivalent to each other, and better than standard 2D cell culture. Ultimately they are not very complex, definitely more than a monoculture, but no where near an organism that evolved from a single cell. They haven’t shown to be a good proxy for a whole organism. On term of disease model, they are typically artificial in the sense that genetically engineer the cell with a specific mutation that may or may not represent the disease or the population. And if an experiment doesn’t work the way you want, you are a new set and sometimes it works the way you want. The only two things they have over mice is that they can be from human origin, and sometimes that human origin might be in a disease state that you want to study, which might be the only way to generate a model for complex disease...