Italy has had an open-access competitor on high speed service for years: ItaloTreno. The policy of forcing national state railways to separate track management

Italy has had an open-access competitor on high speed service for years: ItaloTreno. The policy of forcing national state railways to separate track management from train operations is essential in opening up high speed rail to competition and preventing cross subsidization of service operation (since it requires subsidized services to be done so in a transparent manner and not out of other profits from railway operations)