With fast trains, even >500km is better than airplanes, since you go from city center to city center and don't have to be at the airport in advance. In Italy,

With fast trains, even >500km is better than airplanes, since you go from city center to city center and don't have to be at the airport in advance. In Italy, the Milan-Rome (570km, 2.5/3 hours) fast trains have been making a killing for years.