What I had in mind is, you can observe your planet's position and velocity (relative e.g. to center/rotation of the galaxy), and the target planet's relative po

What I had in mind is, you can observe your planet's position and velocity (relative e.g. to center/rotation of the galaxy), and the target planet's relative position and velocity, and use both to translate the observations into virtual "stationary" observations... And "unit of time" would be defined as 1/n of one planetary/galactic revolution, so every observer would be able to calculate their own "galactic time" independently. Well, maybe GPS already does something similar.