It's not p-hacking as much as it is conflating statistically significant and actually significant. The fixed teachers gave whites/asians 7% higher marks while

It's not p-hacking as much as it is conflating statistically significant and actually significant. The fixed teachers gave whites/asians 7% higher marks while the growth teachers gave them 5% higher. That might be a statistically significant gap, but a 2% expected increase in grades is nothing. And way less of a difference than the gap between the grades fixed and growth teachers gave. Any gap can also be easily explained by grading styles. A fixed teacher probably places more emphasis on tests and the entirety of the work over the course of the semester. A growth teacher probably places more emphasis on homework and gives weight to improvement over the course of a semester. Asian/Whites with their relative head start over URMs would on average do a bit better under the first teacher.