"Within the same state or metropolitan area, inequality today is large and extreme, in part because of the continuing effects of racial discrimination" What is

"Within the same state or metropolitan area, inequality today is large and extreme, in part because of the continuing effects of racial discrimination" What is the ratio of discrimination to starting from a historically disadvantaged (i.e. non-recompensed) position? This article reads like a narrated census rather than a true insight into the problem.