The only ones I can think of off the top of my head are SpaceX and Tesla, founded with the missions, respectively, of making humanity a multi-planetary species,

The only ones I can think of off the top of my head are SpaceX and Tesla, founded with the missions, respectively, of making humanity a multi-planetary species, and accelerating the global use of sustainable energy technology. At least those are long-term goals, and larger than making a profit, if not necessarily responsive to all the questions in the article.