3 sounds to me like mental models. I'm fascinated by the idea of how we can learn/teach using mental models directly, rather than expecting the learner to build

3 sounds to me like mental models. I'm fascinated by the idea of how we can learn/teach using mental models directly, rather than expecting the learner to build the mental model over time by working through rote memorisation and experimentation until it "clicks". I strongly believe that opening up mental models would make learning new skills vastly quicker and more accurate.