The presumption that competition between doctors and hospitals will create lower prices has not come to fruition. Individuals have no leverage or ability to mak

The presumption that competition between doctors and hospitals will create lower prices has not come to fruition. Individuals have no leverage or ability to make meaningful choices. There is no real healthcare market as a result. In a larger system, we get lower prices via several mechanisms: - Preventative care replacing ER care due to universal coverage - Larger risk pool lowers per-participant costs - Single payer has more leverage and depth of time/knowledge to regulate/negotiate with individual hospitals The reality of a competitive landscape, hand of market, etc, that just didn't happen.