Ultimately these higher-level requirements like JVM vs. .NET are the biggest factor in deciding a language. For example, my latest project need to run on Azure

Ultimately these higher-level requirements like JVM vs. .NET are the biggest factor in deciding a language. For example, my latest project need to run on Azure Functions (consumption plan, has cold-start) for cost reasons, so the deciding factor was "which language has the lowest cold start time?" If you're doing ML model design, you use Python because that's what the notebooks and libraries are written in. At any given moment, OS/cloud platform support, library availability, and desired app model has way more impact on choosing a language than design.