Both. Scale is obviously helping prices come down with major projects for vehicle electrification in China. The pace of LiIon research is accelerating as well

Both. Scale is obviously helping prices come down with major projects for vehicle electrification in China. The pace of LiIon research is accelerating as well. The big news of the past few years was Coulombic efficiency measurement, basically very precise ammeters that can detect the number of 'stray' charges lost in a charging cycle. The idea is that any electrons that aren't recovered are involved in some kind of unwanted reaction, and thus is related to battery degradation. This permits rapid testing of battery chemistry and manufacture. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360544217321874 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S03605...