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A perfect vacuum is a perfect insulator. There are capacitors that use vacuum.
by kenfox 8y ago
A perfect vacuum is a perfect insulator. There are capacitors that use vacuum.
- 0db532a0 8y agoElectrons can still pass through perfect vacuums.
- arkades 8y agoI think that’s implied by his pointing out that capacitors use vacuum. A cap that doesn’t allow electron flow wouldn’t be a cap.
- Wehrdo 8y agoA capacitor shouldn't allow electron flow between its (dielectric separated) plates. The charges should build up on the plates, then exit through the terminals when discharging. If charges cross the dielectric, then you have leakage.
- arkades 8y agoHm. Apparently my Phys101-level understanding of electronics has caught up to me.
- ben_w 8y agoCaps don’t allow electrons through, do they? They resist DC, they only conduct AC?
- 0db532a0 8y agoThat is correct. The dielectric ‘conducts’ an electric field, which attracts and repels electrons on the opposing plates.
- Koshkin 8y agoVacuum is a special case of an insulator. Others will conduct beyond some threshold voltage; vacuum will not. On the other hand, vacuum will conduct at any voltage as soon as free charges are injected into it.
- 0db532a0 8y agoBut electrons can still pass through perfect vacuums. Whether or not a vacuum conducts (obviously it doesn’t) is irrelevant.
- RandomOpinion 8y ago> A perfect vacuum is a perfect insulator. If that were true, vacuum tubes (used for radio and early computers) wouldn't work.
- Koshkin 8y agoIt is better to call vacuum "the perfect semiconductor," then - it only conducts when free charges are injected into it.
- akiselev 8y agoAn insulator by definition is matter that doesn't have freely flowing electrons so vacuums aren't an insulator. However, all insulators have a "breakdown voltage" at which point the electrons start "ripping" through the material so a vacuum has all of the properties of an insulator except the mass: the breakdown voltage is the the amount of energy required to eject electrons from the materials surrounding the vacuum and until you reach that point, no current will flow through the vacuum.
- i_am_proteus 8y agoVacuum tubes (thermionic valves) work by heating a tungsten filament-- the cathode-- until the filament is hot enough to emit electrons, which are then attracted to the positively-charged plate (anode), traveling through the vacuum (and thus flowing current). Current only flows in one direction in this setup, which has two electrodes, leading to the moniker "diode." Adding a third electrode in between the cathode and anode-- called the "grid" based on its physical shape-- allowed a vacuum tube (now a 'triode') to use a small signal to control a large one. An amplifier! The key to the function is the heating of the cathode filament. Vacuum tube designs that use a separate heating current (which is, today, most of them) do not conduct if the heating current is not applied. "Cold cathode" type tubes are not vacuum tubes-- they are typically filled with a low-pressure gas.
- Zardoz84 8y agoa vacum diode have characteristics more similar to a ideal diode that a semiconductor diode.
- baybal2 8y agoVacuum dielectric strength is 20 megavolts per metre. Diamond is almost perfect though, at 20 gigavolts per metre, and that only given if the diamond has at least some microscopic imperfections.
- analognoise 8y agoI think those might be reversed...
- blattimwind 8y agoIIRC diamonds are good isolators because their crystal structure is both very close to perfect (few defects) and because their crystal lattice has all electrons tied up.
- Koshkin 8y agoYou are correct. Except, this quality of the vacuum is very fragile. "What's perfect is imperfect, it is the imperfect that is perfect." (Example: a perfectly rigid system will collapse under stress while an imperfect one might withstand it.)
- mmmBacon 8y agoThe vacuum has a finite impedance of ~375ohms so it is not a perfect insulator. This comes from the fundamental magnetic permeability constant mu naught divided by the speed of light. Also interesting is the fact that the vacuum impedance is an exact number because it’s solely based on fundamental constants. Given a small enough distance, arcing is possible between 2 surfaces in vacuum as charges are ejected from the surface (that’s how vacuum tubes and these transistors work).
- twtw 8y agoIt is essential to distinguish between characteristic impedances (of free space or other) and resistances. Although both are real values measured in ohms, characteristic impedances are non-dissipative. Just because EM waves can propagate in vacuum does not mean you can induce a current density.
- analognoise 8y agoFirst part is correct. Second part: ...that's the basis of all RF systems, and exactly how antennas work, isn't it? Obviously you can't induce a current in vacuum, but you can definitely convert EM waves to current flux in a receiving structure.
- twtw 8y agoRight. I see now that I was unclear in that second part - I should have written something like "just because EM waves can propagate in vacuum does not mean you can induce a current density in vacuum." Of course EM waves can induce current density in antennas and other structures. > Obviously you can't induce a current in vacuum ... Yes. I wrote that second part because 'mmmBacon seemed to be arguing that one could induce a current in vacuum; that because vacuum has a characteristic impedance, it isn't an insulator (i.e. can support current because it has characteristic impedance).
- analognoise 8y agoAh, gotcha, appreciate the clarification.