While I agree on the mostly non-existent fraud[1] for ad views on the Facebook, Instagram, and Messenger properties direction, they actually do run a network n

While I agree on the mostly non-existent fraud[1] for ad views on the Facebook, Instagram, and Messenger properties direction, they actually do run a network now[2]. I can't find any information about how it handles ad views when it can't identify the end user. If they don't display an ad then it's likely as robust as the on-property views. But if it shows ads, then it probably introduces the same level of fraud as you see on AdWords. [1] Fraud free doesn't mean bullshit free. They tend to be very liberal with how they calculate billable events from user interactions. [2] https://www.facebook.com/business/marketing/audience-network https://www.facebook.com/business/marketing/audience-network