> without determining, for example, that pictures of a Boston terrier and a Chihuahua both represent dogs. I wonder if that is an artifact of how the training

> without determining, for example, that pictures of a Boston terrier and a Chihuahua both represent dogs. I wonder if that is an artifact of how the training occurs. If you look at how humans generally learn, they learn what a dog is first. For many years they don't learn about breed (possibly ever). Cats and dogs eventually earn the shared labels "pet" and "animal". However, at least in a heterosexual unit, we learn "mama" and "dada" before "woman", "man" and "person." However, we eventually learn to apply many labels to people: "name", "gender", "species" and other, possibly horrible, things. In order for networks to share representation about hierarchical labels, assuming that humans are doing nothing novel in this problem space, they would either have to: * Learn general labels first. * Provide hierarchical labels as output. * Provide multiple labels as output ("Labrador", "dog", "animal"). As a guess.