What was the effectiveness of these forts? They look quite beautiful, to the point that I'm starting to wonder if it's a case of form over function. Fortified

What was the effectiveness of these forts? They look quite beautiful, to the point that I'm starting to wonder if it's a case of form over function. Fortified buildings of that era tended to be very functional, though I agree they can also be quite beautiful in shape. One advantage of the angular bastion shape is that the triangular point does not allow for a dead zone created by circular bastions, where enemy troops can hide at the base of the wall and undermine it while concealed from most defensive fire by the bastion itself. Normally the bastions are not just an outward triangular point, but angle back inwards on the curtain wall side as well. This would allow defenders to bring enfilading fire along the curtain wall should the attackers get that close, without being subject to direct fire from attackers further out. Combined with the presence of a wide ditch with a glacis to the outer side and the thicker and sloped lower walls on the inner side, this made any approach to the main curtain wall, either to undermine it or to scale it, extremely difficult and dangerous for the attackers. In addition to the angular bastions, star forts typically featured separate ravelins. These also served a number of useful functions, not least providing a relatively safe forward firing position that was protected from the front but left exposed on the curtain wall side in the event that the position was overrun and its defenders retreated. Even if they fell, their shape and position would force enemy forces to divide before reaching the main wall, and they also provided some additional protection against incoming cannon fire for the curtain wall behind, helped by being set on a different angle as you mentioned. These tactical advantages remained relevant for quite a long period in military history, from the first star forts in the 15th century until around the 18th. They rapidly faded after that, however, as the introduction of indirect fire weapons like mortars and high explosive shells rendered the intricately shaped defensive fortifications obsolete.