> Race conditions: now in hardware at the gate level! It's already the case even in synchronous microprocessor. It's exploited by side-channel attacks based on

> Race conditions: now in hardware at the gate level! It's already the case even in synchronous microprocessor. It's exploited by side-channel attacks based on power analysis. It makes it very difficult to implement effective countermeasures using dual-rail protocol in hardware. You can read a bit about it in the state-of-the-art section of one of my papers [1], which will also give you some other references :). [1] https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/554 https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/554