Lithium batteries are considerably less carbon neutral than physical energy storage when you account for all the energy needed to mine, produce and repurpose th

Lithium batteries are considerably less carbon neutral than physical energy storage when you account for all the energy needed to mine, produce and repurpose them after they fail. While dams have failed in the past if built right they can last for centuries. Also unlike batteries where the majority of the cost sunk is in the batteries themselves with physical storage like this the majority of the cost will be in the construction itself which means that as better pumps and turbines become available you can upgrade your system at a marginal cost.