Formal verification arrived at hardware first, really. Because although sofware and hardware can in principal be equally complex, the economic cost of a bug in

Formal verification arrived at hardware first, really. Because although sofware and hardware can in principal be equally complex, the economic cost of a bug in hardware causes as much as possible of the complexity to be punted into software. That leaves the problem of verifying hardware more tractable. I don't think it's yet done comprehensively but a greater fraction of forma verification is used on hardware than software.