Undeniable? No. Amongst the other issues stated, this isn't necessarily a physical difference, it could be purely a societal one. All these studies suffer from

Undeniable? No. Amongst the other issues stated, this isn't necessarily a physical difference, it could be purely a societal one. All these studies suffer from a bias that we can't get rid of unless we assume it's not true for a few generations, namely is the effect due to nature vs nurture. Whether it's race or sex, if society favour one race or sex over the others, how can we ever know if it's due to something in the genes, or due to the general favours, special treatment or encouragement that particular sections of society receive that caused the imbalance? If you are told while young that you should be a house proud parent rather than a DIY parent, a Princess instead of a Knight, a Hostess rather than a Pilot[1], of course these "undeniable" differences are going to emerge. [1] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/22/sexist-tui-airways-crew-gave-different-badges-to-girls-and-boys https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/22/sexist-tui-air...