Proprietary or not is orthogonal to a scientific question. In case of PyTorch use, you can run with or without CUDA or even port it to eg OpenCL. The vendor har

Proprietary or not is orthogonal to a scientific question. In case of PyTorch use, you can run with or without CUDA or even port it to eg OpenCL. The vendor hardware is only incidentally Nvidia. That said, many projects are compute bound and the quality may be limited by speed of hardware, thus vendor dependent.