I tried to suggest that different goals could mean a different test setup. Instead of a multiple choice test after each course you could have a proper test afte

I tried to suggest that different goals could mean a different test setup. Instead of a multiple choice test after each course you could have a proper test after a longer period, where grading would consider in the full solution / essay. I understand that it may be incompatible with the current US practice, but I don't see why each test should be standardized. Locally arranged course exams with a common state/nationwide final exam with proper grading resources should be enough as far as I see.