I can't see the code because I'm on mobile, but if the JIT is function based and you're only calling the benchmarked function once it may not have it optimized

I can't see the code because I'm on mobile, but if the JIT is function based and you're only calling the benchmarked function once it may not have it optimized for your first call. It certainly can't replace the instructions mid-loop. Edit: SO answer explaining the PyPy JIT: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37377787/what-kind-of-jit-compiler-is-used-by-pypy https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37377787/what-kind-of-ji...