It's both. As for pay: an anecdote. I manage a team that includes some H1-B visa holders. The visa holders are paid quite well relative to most workers in Amer

It's both. As for pay: an anecdote. I manage a team that includes some H1-B visa holders. The visa holders are paid quite well relative to most workers in America, like most tech workers are, but they are definitely paid less than their peers on my team (a situation I work hard to remedy at raise and bonus time), but not so much less as to necessarily draw focus from regulators. It's more like the pay discrepancy between men and women (except not quite to that degree). As for mobility: ask any H1-B holder who has worked at a company with massive layoffs whether they felt more or less anxiety than people with less restrictive visas, greencards, or citizenship.