I'd love to read a book on the subject. What did it take for various scientific fields to become truly mature? Are their key ways to measure how far along we ar

I'd love to read a book on the subject. What did it take for various scientific fields to become truly mature? Are their key ways to measure how far along we are? Concrete, predictive theories would be great but I get that we're far from them in fields like nutrition short of, like, scurvy I guess? I wonder how much of this is due to the natural variation among individuals and how much is just because of ethical limits on scientific inquiry. Not that I'm advocating for human experiments but one has to wonder what we could discover.