>If you are starting from an undergraduate degree, you probably need at least two years to take the PhD intro classes. One year to start a research program migh

>If you are starting from an undergraduate degree, you probably need at least two years to take the PhD intro classes. One year to start a research program might work in a subject like the author's where your papers are chats about social implications, but there are plenty of subjects where even the data collection is going to take longer than that. In Germany, you need a Master's with the coursework done before starting a PhD.