I haven't read the specific paper, but there are studies that try to classify countries by "cultural dimensions", of which "individualism" is one: https://en.w

I haven't read the specific paper, but there are studies that try to classify countries by "cultural dimensions", of which "individualism" is one: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstede%27s_cultural_dimensions_theory#Limitations_of_Hofstede's_model https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstede%27s_cultural_dimensio... "Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV): This index explores the “degree to which people in a society are integrated into groups.” Individualistic societies have loose ties that often only relates an individual to his/her immediate family. They emphasize the “I” versus the “we.” Its counterpart, collectivism, describes a society in which tightly-integrated relationships tie extended families and others into in-groups. These in-groups are laced with undoubted loyalty and support each other when a conflict arises with another in-group." https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/ https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/