> I don't agree that schools are any more 'clearly environmentally contingent' than intelligence, Clearly I can change all the rules governing schools without

> I don't agree that schools are any more 'clearly environmentally contingent' than intelligence, Clearly I can change all the rules governing schools without changing the genetics of any of the students. So you are claiming that it is possible that if intelligence could be as environmentally contingent like school system, then one would need to show that this type of study can produce interesting results in the first place. > That's a remarkable assertion, I read the sentence as a general qualifier for this kind of studies. But the objection is, that these genes would produce a clear signal in this kind of studies without any of the causality taking place inside of a brain. (And unlike 'intelligence,' I can actually define what I mean by 'black skin' 'school funding' and 'average neighborhood income.' ) So for the study to have any kind of explainative effect, it needs to show that the effect is created by anything that can be reasonably called intelligence, instead of something that takes place completely outside of the brain.