I don't recall the names of the specific cases that mark the change, but the fallout after the 14th Amendment resulted in some but not all of the Constitution's

I don't recall the names of the specific cases that mark the change, but the fallout after the 14th Amendment resulted in some but not all of the Constitution's limitations on government being applied to the States as well. So, for example, 1st Amendment restriction on censorship are applied to States. However, the States aren't bound to some guarantees like a right to jury trial in civil cases (iirc).