I’d argue that A. and B. aren’t necessarily problems. After all, if it’s hard to quantify and empirically measure, wouldn’t the hypothetical standards be arbitr

I’d argue that A. and B. aren’t necessarily problems. After all, if it’s hard to quantify and empirically measure, wouldn’t the hypothetical standards be arbitrary? I’ll speak from personal experience: the most effective psychotherapy treatment I’ve received is very “unconventional,” with emphases on philosophy, meditation, and physical activity in nature. Those experiences have hugely impacted me in positive ways. When an entity doesn’t know how to standardize or effectively certify, but does so anyway, we get quack systems as a result.