I think you're muddying the waters unnecessarily here. c) this doesn't stand up on closer examination. it was already possible if you had the money using shell

I think you're muddying the waters unnecessarily here. c) this doesn't stand up on closer examination. it was already possible if you had the money using shell/holding companies and the various privacy guard options registrars offer. besides, GDPR is mainly about individual's privacy. b) maybe true, but irrelevant. there are plenty of domain registrars operating in Europe, which have to comply with European laws anyway. a) absolutely, and fair point. however, ICANN's behaviour shows they were right to criticise this artificial hegemony over shared or national critical infrastructure (e.g. country or region-specific TLDs).